Ethical implications là gì
While some feminists have criticized care-based ethics for reinforcing traditional stereotypes of a "good woman"[10] others have embraced parts of this paradigm under the theoretical concept of care-focused feminism.[11] Care-focused feminism, alternatively called gender feminism,[12] is a branch of feminist thought informed primarily by ethics of care as developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings.[11] This body of theory is critical of how caring is socially engendered, being assigned to women and consequently devalued. "Care-focused feminists regard women's capacity for care as a human strength"[11] which can and should be taught to and expected of men as well as women. Noddings proposes that ethical caring has the potential to be a more concrete evaluative model of moral dilemma, than an ethic of justice.[13] Noddings' care-focused feminism requires practical application of relational ethics, predicated on an ethic of care.[14] Ethics of care is also a basis for care-focused feminist theorizing on maternal ethics. These theories recognize caring as an ethically relevant issue.[15] Critical of how society engenders caring labor, theorists Sara Ruddick, Virginia Held, and Eva Feder Kittay suggest caring should be performed and care givers valued in both public and private spheres.[16] This proposed paradigm shift in ethics encourages the view that an ethic of caring be the social responsibility of both men and women. Joan Tronto argues that the definition of the term "ethic of care" is ambiguous due in part to the lack of a central role it plays in moral theory.[17] She argues that considering moral philosophy is engaged with human goodness, then care would appear to assume a significant role in this type of philosophy.[17] However, this is not the case and Tronto further stresses the association between care and "naturalness". The latter term refers to the socially and culturally constructed gender roles where care is mainly assumed to be the role of the woman.[17] As such, care loses the power to take a central role in moral theory. Tronto states there are four ethical qualities of care:
In 2013, Tronto added a fifth ethical quality:
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