Which of the following processes do normal proto-oncogenes typically exhibit?
EMBO J. 1998 Jul 1; 17(13): 3576–3586. AbstractTissues with the highest rates of proliferation typically exhibit the highest frequencies of apoptosis, but the mechanisms that coordinate these processes are largely unknown. The homeodomain protein Gax is down-regulated when quiescent cells are stimulated to proliferate, and constitutive Gax expression inhibits cell proliferation in a p21(WAF/CIP)-dependent manner. To understand how mitogen-induced proliferation influences the apoptotic process, we investigated the effects of deregulated Gax expression on cell viability. Forced Gax expression induced apoptosis in mitogen-activated cultures, but quiescent cultures were resistant to cell death. Though mitogen activation was required for apoptosis, neither the cdk inhibitor p21(WAF/CIP) nor the tumor suppressor p53 was required for Gax-induced cell death. Arrest in G1 or S phases of the cell cycle with chemical inhibitors also did not affect apoptosis, further suggesting that Gax-mediated cell death is independent of cell cycle activity. Forced Gax expression led to Bcl-2 down-regulation and Bax up-regulation in mitogen-activated, but not quiescent cultures. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts homozygous null for the Bax gene were refractive to Gax-induced apoptosis, demonstrating the functional significance of this regulation. These data suggest that the homeostatic balance between cell growth and death can be controlled by mitogen-dependent pathways that circumvent the cell cycle to alter Bcl-2 family protein expression. Full TextThe Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (637K). Selected ReferencesThese references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of The European Molecular Biology Organization Which of the following describes the role typical protoWhich of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in cells that are not cancerous? They stimulate normal cell growth and division.
Which of the following would result from a mutation in a proto oncogene?However, if an error (mutation) occurs in a proto-oncogene, the gene can become turned on when isn't supposed to be. If this happens, the proto-oncogene can turn into a malfunctioning gene called an oncogene. Cells will start to grow out of control, which leads to cancer.
What are three mechanisms for converting a proto oncogene to an oncogene?Three genetic mechanisms activate oncogenes in human neoplasms: (1) mutation, (2) gene amplification, and (3) chromosome rearrangements. These mechanisms result in either an alteration of protooncogene structure or an increase in protooncogene expression (Figure 6-5).
Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor suppressor genes?Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? They encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth.
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