Which of the following statements describes the Federalists response to the war of 1812

America’s victory at the Battle of Saratoga resulted in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Washington deciding to invade Canada again
	b. The end of the American War for Independence
	c. Massive growth in the Continental Army
	d. France’s entry into to war on America’s side

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As a result of its defeat in the French and Indian War, France did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lost its great power status
	b. Became Britain’s ally
	c. Lost all of its North American territory
	d. Had to pay a huge sum for war damages

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As the American War for Independence moved south, it was characterized by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. A large number of civilian casualties
	b. Prisoners being executed on both sides
	c. Conventional military tactics
	d. An unbroken string of British military victories

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Baron von Stueben contributed to the American war effort during the War for Independence by doing which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Supplying Washington with weapons
	b. Teaching Washington military strategy
	c. Drilling American soldiers
	d. Donating money to the American war effort

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Complete the sentence. All of the following ravaged Washington’s army during the winter of 1777-1778 EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Hunger.
	b. Cold.
	c. British attack.
	d. Desertion.

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Complete the sentence. All of the following statements are true of the American Declaration of Independence EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. George Mason and John Locke contributed ideas.
	b. Members of Congress revised the document.
	c. It stated America’s grievances with British policies.
	d. It secured American independence.

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Defeat at Yorktown during the American War for Independence led the British to do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increase recruitment efforts
	b. End the war
	c. Overthrow King George III
	d. Request a “do over”

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During the American War for Independence, Washington discovered that which of the following was the best way to defeat the British?

Choose one answer.

	a. Participating in guerilla warfare
	b. Fighting a war of attrition
	c. Attacking London
	d. Allying with the Native Americans

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Fill in the blank. During the American War for Independence, the Marquis de Lafayette served as _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Head cheerleader
	b. Washington’s trusted aide
	c. Senator from Tennessee
	d. Propaganda Minister

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Fill in the blank. The turning point of the War for Independence in the South was the Battle of ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Savannah
	b. New Orleans
	c. Kings Mountain
	d. Philadelphia

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The American victory at Yorktown could NOT have been achieved without which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. French economic and military assistance
	b. Divine intervention
	c. The British army’s incompetence
	d. Spaceships

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Under the Treaty of Paris, the British acquired what Spanish territory?

Choose one answer.

	a. Florida
	b. New Orleans
	c. Mexico
	d. California

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What was the main purpose of the Tea Act of 1773?

Choose one answer.

	a. To enrich Lord North’s cronies
	b. To bail out the East India Company
	c. To stimulate England’s home economy
	d. To reduce tea prices in British North America

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Which of the following best describes a result of General Braddock’s attempt to capture Fort Duquesne?

Choose one answer.

	a. A devastating ambush and defeat
	b. A conventional European-style battle
	c. A prolonged and successful siege
	d. French withdrawal from the Ohio Valley

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Which of the following caused the French and Indian War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Conflicting French and English claims to the Ohio Valley
	b. Both sides’ desire to pull their respective economies out of depression
	c. Louis XIV’s expansionist policies
	d. English anger at French restrictions on trade and shipping

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Which of the following statements about the results of the French and Indian War is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It strengthened American nationalism.
	b. Americans were more reliant on the British.
	c. The British government granted Americans more control over colonial affairs.
	d. It initiated a series of religious revivals.

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Which of the following statements accurately describes what happened at the Battle of Bunker Hill?

Choose one answer.

	a. The British suffered major casualties.
	b. Washington won his first military victory.
	c. Americans discovered they could easily defeat the British.
	d. The British refused to take prisoners.

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Which of the following statements is true of Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War made it the greatest power in the history of the world to that point.
	b. Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War contributed to Indian control of western lands in North America.
	c. Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War made Spain its most formidable enemy.
	d. Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution.

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Which of the following states an accurate result of Washington’s battle with the French at Fort Necessity?

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain recognized France’s claims to territory west of the Appalachians.
	b. Washington solidified his reputation as a brilliant strategist.
	c. The British established Pittsburgh.
	d. Washington surrendered.

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Of the major wars involving the European powers and their New World colonies, what was the climactic battle between Britain and France?

Choose one answer.

	a. King William’s War
	b. Queen Anne’s War
	c. King George’s War
	d. The French and Indian War

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As a result of the War of 1812, President James Madison did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Won a third term
	b. Reiterated his commitment to limited government
	c. Recognized the value of some of the Federalists’ policies
	d. Switched parties

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Britain’s 1814 invasion of America’s mid-Atlantic coast resulted in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Their capture of Philadelphia
	b. Their victory in the War of 1812
	c. Madison’s capture and execution
	d. The burning of Washington, D.C.

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Following the War of 1812, the United States did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Took decisive action against the Barbary pirates
	b. Were defeated by the Barbary pirates
	c. Paid tribute to the Barbary pirates to avoid war
	d. Joined a confederation with the British and French to defeat the Barbary pirates

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The naval battle on Lake Erie resulted in which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Tecumseh’s death
	b. American annexation of Canada
	c. The destruction of the British Navy
	d. Commodore Perry’s celebrated victory

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Which of the following best describes one of the United States’ strengths during the War of 1812?

Choose one answer.

	a. The country’s large standing army
	b. An effective, battle-tested navy
	c. Madison’s skills as a military strategist
	d. Divine favor

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Which of the following statements about the War of 1812 is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The War of 1812 elevated the United States to the status of a world power.
	b. The War of 1812 reinforced the Federalists’ power.
	c. The War of 1812 resulted in the U.S. establishing its first colonies.
	d. The War of 1812 generated strong American nationalism.

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Which of the following statements accurately describes what happened at the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Choose one answer.

	a. British forces defeated a larger American force.
	b. American forces defeated a larger British force.
	c. William Henry Harrison was defeated by Native Americans.
	d. The Native American hopes that their hunting lands would be protected ended.

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Who were the most vocal American supporters of the War of 1812?

Choose one answer.

	a. New Englanders
	b. Southerners
	c. Farmers in Southern and Western Pennsylvania
	d. Northerners

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Why did Andrew Jackson defeat the British at New Orleans?

Choose one answer.

	a. Jackson occupied a strong defensive position.
	b. The British lacked proper supplies.
	c. The British could not cope with New Orleans’ climate.
	d. None of the above

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Which of the following statements is true of Madison’s attempts to end British and French interference with America’s international trade?

Choose one answer.

	a. Madison’s attempts were more effective than Jefferson’s or Adam’s attempts.
	b. Madison’s attempts reflected his pacifism.
	c. Madison’s attempts boosted the American economy.
	d. Madison’s attempts led to the War of 1812.

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Complete the sentence. The Mexican-American War contributed to all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The strengthening of the Union.
	b. The U.S. becoming a continental nation.
	c. Combat experience for future Civil War generals.
	d. The creation of the Department of the Interior.

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Complete the sentence. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. The U.S. gaining California.
	b. The U.S. paying Mexico $15 million.
	c. Mexico ceding all claims to Texas.
	d. U.S. troops continuing their occupation of Mexico.

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Fill in the blank. The decisive battle of the Mexican-American War was Winfield Scott’s capture of ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Monterrey
	b. Veracruz
	c. Philadelphia
	d. Mexico City

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The Mexican-American War erupted when which event occurred?

Choose one answer.

	a. American and Mexican troops fought at the Siege of Fort Texas.
	b. American settlers fomented a rebellion in California.
	c. The United States recognized Texas’ independence.
	d. James K. Polk won the 1844 U.S. presidential election.

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What was the major reason why Texas was NOT annexed until 1845?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because of concern about Texas entering the Union as a slave state
	b. Because of fear of a possible Mexican invasion of the United States
	c. Because of Texans’ desire to remain an independent republic
	d. Because of Britain’s desire to annex Texas

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Which of the following happened at the Battle of San Jacinto?

Choose one answer.

	a. Sam Houston demonstrated his tactical brilliance.
	b. Texans won a costly victory.
	c. Mexico recognized Texan independence.
	d. Santa Anna was captured.

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Which of the following happened at the Battle of the Alamo?

Choose one answer.

	a. Texans secured their independence from Mexico.
	b. The Mexicans won a costly victory.
	c. Santa Anna demonstrated his tactical brilliance.
	d. The defenders surrendered.

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Which of the following statements about the Mexican-American War is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was America’s first successful offensive war.
	b. It provided valuable experience for many future Civil War generals.
	c. More Americans died from disease than from battle.
	d. It was one of the most unselfish wars in history.

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Which of the following statements is true of the Plains Indians encountered by Americans migrating westward?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Plains Indians subsisted on their crops of corn, beans, and squash.
	b. The Plains Indians knew no warfare until the appearance of Europeans.
	c. The Plains Indians found abundant natural resources in their native forests.
	d. The Plains Indians were highly dependent on horses and buffalo.

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Who was the Indian chief who resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin?

Choose one answer.

	a. Osceola
	b. Techumseh
	c. Hiawatha
	d. Black Hawk

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Approximately, what was the death toll of the American Civil War?

Choose one answer.

	a. 1,000,000 deaths
	b. 250,000 deaths
	c. 540,000 deaths
	d. 630,000 deaths

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As a Union commander, Ulysses S. Grant was best characterized by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. His tactical caution
	b. Alcoholism
	c. His ability to inspire his troops
	d. His plan to relentlessly attack his opponents

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Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, General Pickett __________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Was repulsed with terrible losses
	b. Broke through the Union center
	c. Led his army to a Confederate retreat
	d. Made a separate peace with the Union

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Complete the sentence. All of the following battles were Confederate victories EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Vicksburg.
	b. First Bull Run.
	c. Chancellorsville.
	d. Fredericksburg.

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Complete the sentence. All of the following slave states remained in the Union EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Maryland.
	b. Kentucky.
	c. Tennessee.
	d. Delaware.

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Fill in the blank. At the start of the U.S. Civil War, the Southern states _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Attacked Washington, D.C.
	b. Were guaranteed to lose
	c. Were the North’s equal in manpower and economic resources
	d. Had the advantage of fighting a defensive war

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Fill in the blank. At the start of the U.S. Civil War, the Northern states ____________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Generated far less farm production than the South
	b. Had approximately the same railroad mileage as the South
	c. Had fewer ships than the South
	d. Had more potential power than the South

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Fill in the blank. Most of the Confederacy’s diplomatic efforts were aimed at _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Britain
	b. Egypt and India
	c. South America
	d. Spain

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Slavery was ultimately eradicated by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Emancipation Proclamation
	b. Lee’s surrender
	c. The Thirteenth Amendment
	d. None of the above

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To deal with disloyalty, Lincoln sometimes did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Had traitors shot
	b. Postponed elections
	c. Shut down the press
	d. Suspended habeas corpus

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What was one legal option for draftees who did NOT want to serve in the military?

Choose one answer.

	a. To hire a substitute
	b. To flee the country
	c. To feign insanity
	d. To claim to be a pacifist

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What was the purpose of McClellan’s peninsular campaign?

Choose one answer.

	a. To demonstrate his strategic genius
	b. To inflict maximum casualties on the Confederates
	c. To impress Lincoln
	d. To capture Richmond

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Where did the Battle of Gettysburg take place?

Choose one answer.

	a. Maryland
	b. Georgia
	c. Virginia
	d. Pennsylvania

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Which of the following happened at the Battle of Chancellorsville?

Choose one answer.

	a. The union repelled a Confederate invasion.
	b. Lee displayed his typical caution.
	c. Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was killed.
	d. Black troops secured victory for the Union.

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Which of the following statements about the Anaconda strategy is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Anaconda strategy was General Robert E. Lee’s strategy for winning the war.
	b. Anaconda strategy was the title of Abraham Lincoln’s inaugural speech.
	c. Anaconda strategy was based on a quick victory in the war.
	d. Anaconda strategy included, among other things, blockading of the Southern coast.

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Which of the following statements about the Battle of Antietam is false?

Choose one answer.

	a. General Robert E. Lee’s secret orders were intercepted by the Union forces.
	b. It was the bloodiest single day of the war.
	c. McClellan vigorously pursued General Robert E. Lee’s following the latter’s retreat.
	d. It inspired Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Which of the following statements about the Emancipation Proclamation is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. The proclamation called upon slaves to rebel.
	b. The proclamation was justified due to military necessity.
	c. The proclamation hurt U.S. relations with Britain and France.
	d. The proclamation immediately freed all the slaves in the United States.

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Which of the following statements about the First Battle of Bull Run, which was the first real battle of the American Civil War, is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. It was fought near Washington, D.C.
	b. It was fought at Harper’s Ferry.
	c. It was a victory for Union forces.
	d. It convinced both sides that the war would be quick and easy.

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Which of the following statements best describes the Civil War at the end of 1862?

Choose one answer.

	a. Union troops had a definite edge in the East.
	b. Confederate troops had a definite edge in the West.
	c. Union soldiers anticipated a quick end to the war.
	d. The war in the East was a virtual deadlock.

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes Civil War soldiers?

Choose one answer.

	a. They were strictly volunteers.
	b. They all fought for the same reasons.
	c. They were sometimes drafted.
	d. They had a very low mortality.

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Who was Lincoln’s major opponent in the 1864 election?

Choose one answer.

	a. Charles Vallandigham
	b. Charles Sumner
	c. Andrew Johnson
	d. George McClelland

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Who were Jefferson Davis’ most vocal political opponents?

Choose one answer.

	a. Confederate generals
	b. Slave owners
	c. Defenders of states’ rights
	d. Ministers

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Why did Lincoln initially reject emancipation?

Choose one answer.

	a. To keep the border states in the United States
	b. Because the war was going well
	c. Because of his racism
	d. Because he was afraid of losing the 1864 election

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Why did Robert E. Lee leave the U.S. army to join the Confederacy?

Choose one answer.

	a. Because he hated America
	b. Because he was offered a large signing bonus
	c. Because he was passed over for promotion
	d. Because he was loyal to Virginia

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What motivated the Confederates to bombard Fort Sumter?

Choose one answer.

	a. Lincoln’s inaugural speech
	b. Lincoln’s decision to resupply the fort
	c. Lincoln’s invasion of Virginia
	d. Jefferson Davis’ aggression

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Fill in the blank. The battleship Maine exploded off the coast of _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Spain
	b. France
	c. Britain
	d. Cuba

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Fill in the blank. The phrase “Speak softly and carry a big stick” is most closely associated with _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. William Jennings Bryan
	b. Grover Cleveland
	c. William H. Taft
	d. Theodore Roosevelt

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Where was the first major victory for American forces in the Spanish-American War?

Choose one answer.

	a. San Juan Hill
	b. The Battle of the Bulge
	c. Manila Bay
	d. Havana

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Which of the following statements about the Spanish-American War is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. America’s victory could be attributed to divine intervention.
	b. More Americans died from disease than from battle.
	c. American victory depended on economic assistance from Germany.
	d. American victory depended on economic assistance from France.

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Which of the following statements about Queen Lilioukalani is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Queen Lilioukalani was forced by Americans to embrace constitutional rule for Hawaii in 1899.
	b. Queen Lilioukalani was supported by American sugar planters living in Hawaii.
	c. Queen Lilioukalani opposed American influence in Hawaii.
	d. Queen Lilioukalani entered a partnership with Dole Pineapple Corporation that went wrong.

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Complete the sentence. All of these innovations changed warfare during World War I EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Machine guns.
	b. Blockades land mines.
	c. High-velocity rifles.
	d. Nuclear weapons

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Complete the sentence. The Treaty of Versailles did all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Included a war guilt clause that placed all blame for World War I on Germany.
	b. Required Germany to pay reparations.
	c. Demilitarized the Rhineland.
	d. Placed all the blame for World War I on the United States.

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Complete the sentence. Wilson’s Fourteen Points endorsed all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Freedom of the seas.
	b. U.S. colonies in Africa and Asia.
	c. The creation of a League of Nations.
	d. The end of trade barriers.

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Fill in the blank. The turning point of World War I in France came at the Second Battle of _________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. The Somme
	b. The Marne
	c. Vaux
	d. Calais

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What form of battle is most closely associated with World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Trench warfare
	b. Ethnic and racial hatred
	c. The use of airplanes
	d. None of the above

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What was the function of the Zimmerman telegram?

Choose one answer.

	a. It requested Mexican assistance in case of war between Germany and the United States.
	b. It announced Germany’s return to unrestricted submarine warfare.
	c. It requested America’s assistance with the Central Powers’ war efforts.
	d. None of the above

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Which of the following is NOT associated with the major battles of World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. Verdun
	b. The Somme
	c. Meuse-Argonne
	d. Omaha Beach

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Who was the French Prime Minister during World War I?

Choose one answer.

	a. David Lloyd George
	b. Winston Churchill
	c. Henry Cabot Lodge
	d. Georges Clemenceau

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In the presidential election of 1916, the Republicans did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Nominated Theodore Roosevelt
	b. Nominated Henry Cabot Lodge
	c. Lost by a slim margin
	d. None of the above

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At the end of World War II, what were the two most powerful nations in the world?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States and the Soviet Union
	b. Japan and Germany
	c. Finland and Amsterdam
	d. Brazil and Argentina

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Complete the sentence. When Roosevelt and Churchill met to draft a joint war plan in early 1942, they made all of the following commitments EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. An agreement not to seek a separate peace with common enemies.
	b. A reaffirmation of the Atlantic charter.
	c. Making a cross-channel invasion of Europe their first priority.
	d. A joint pledge of full resources to fight the war.

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What country suffered the most deaths as a result of fighting during World War II?

Choose one answer.

	a. The United States
	b. Finland
	c. The Soviet Union
	d. Japan

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What does D-Day refer to?

Choose one answer.

	a. The Allied invasion of Normandy
	b. The Allied invasion of North Africa
	c. Both A and B
	d. None of the above

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Which of the following most accurately describes what occurred at the Battle of the Bulge?

Choose one answer.

	a. The British repelled the German invasion from seeking to conquer Britain.
	b. The war in Europe ended on the day of the battle when Hitler committed suicide.
	c. The Allies lost World War II at the Battle of the Bulge.
	d. The destruction of Germany’s last reserve units left open the door to Germany’s heartlands from the west.

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Which of the following occurred as a result of World War II?

Choose one answer.

	a. Franklin Roosevelt became a dictator for life.
	b. The Great Depression ended in the United States.
	c. The United States suffered heavy bombing.
	d. None of the above

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Which of the following statements about American “war relocation camps” is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. These internment camps housed over 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war.
	b. These internment camps were prisoner-of-war camps for captured Germans.
	c. These internment camps were the German euphemism for Nazi concentration camps.
	d. These internment camps were the bases that housed American servicemen before being sent to the front lines.

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In early 1942, what was the biggest challenge to the United States faced in the Atlantic?

Choose one answer.

	a. German submarine warfare
	b. German aircraft carrier attacks
	c. German espionage
	d. German-American disloyalty

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Fill in the blank. The Eisenhower Doctrine governed American foreign policy toward _______________.

Choose one answer.

	a. Africa
	b. The Middle East
	c. Latin America
	d. Southeast Asia

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President Eisenhower’s farewell address is remembered for its warning about which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Communist incursions in Latin America
	b. McCarthyism
	c. The rise of the military-industrial complex
	d. None of the above

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As articulated by George Kennan, which of the following statements about containment is true?

Choose one answer.

	a. Containment was introduced to Americans through a televised speech.
	b. Containment was premised on the belief that the Soviet Union was aggressively expansionistic.
	c. Containment recommended continuing America’s wartime alliance with the Soviet Union.
	d. None of the above

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Complete the sentence. All of the following were consequences of the Vietnam War EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. 58,000 Americans died.
	b. Many young Americans questioned the value of military service.
	c. Americans were more determined than ever to spread democracy.
	d. There were widespread domestic American protests against the war.

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In April of 1970, President Nixon extended the Vietnam War when he sent troops into which country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Laos
	b. China
	c. Cambodia
	d. Thailand

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President Nixon’s policy of “Vietnamization” involved which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Increasing the number of Americans being drafted
	b. Launching a nuclear war with North Vietnam
	c. Gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam
	d. None of the above

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The Vietnam settlement signed on January 27, 1973 did which of the following?

Choose one answer.

	a. Insured the survival of South Vietnam
	b. Brought lasting peace to South Vietnam
	c. Left 150,000 Communist troops in South Vietnam
	d. Got Nixon reelected

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In regard to Vietnam policy, what was President Nixon’s stance?

Choose one answer.

	a. President Nixon insisted he would pursue “peace with honor.”
	b. President Nixon was ambivalent about continuing the war.
	c. President Nixon still believed that the war could be won.
	d. None of the above

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By the end of 1991, what was the state of the Soviet Union?

Choose one answer.

	a. The country had fallen apart.
	b. The country still had the world’s largest nuclear arsenal.
	c. The country was torn by civil war.
	d. None of the above

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In the Soviet Union during August 1991, what was the crucial development to the end of the Cold War?

Choose one answer.

	a. Gorbachev’s assassination
	b. A failed Communist coup
	c. Revolution in the Baltics
	d. Gorbachev’s reelection

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The fall of the Berlin Wall was soon followed by what event?

Choose one answer.

	a. The threat of war in central Europe
	b. The formal dissolution of NATO
	c. Germany’s reunification
	d. The Communists constructing an even stronger one

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Fill in the blank. In late 1989, all the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe toppled bloodlessly except that of ________________.

Choose one answer.

	a. East Germany
	b. Poland
	c. Hungary
	d. Romania

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In the 2003 war against Iraq, the United States was most closely supported by what country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Great Britain
	b. France
	c. Russian
	d. Spain

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What was President Bush’s stated rationale for attacking Iraq in 2003?

Choose one answer.

	a. Iraq’s presumed threat to the United States.
	b. He did not like men with moustaches.
	c. The desire to acquire Iraq’s oil.
	d. None of the above

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Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of Osama Bin Laden?

Choose one answer.

	a. A wealthy Saudi
	b. Leader of al Qaeda
	c. Founder and leader of the Taliban
	d. A Muslim extremist

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Within a few weeks of the September 11 attacks, U.S. forces led an attack on what country?

Choose one answer.

	a. Pakistan
	b. Iraq
	c. Saudi Arabia
	d. Afghanistan

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The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 did all of the following EXCEPT:

Choose one answer.

	a. Paralyze the United States in fear and disunity
	b. Kill about 3,000 people
	c. Target the Pentagon
	d. Destroy the World Trade Center

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What were the causes of the War of 1812 where did Republicans and Federalists stand on declaring and then fighting the war?

Which of the following was an outcome of the post war election of 1818?

How did Jefferson respond to the Barbary States threats against American shipping?

What was the critical disagreement that led to the emergence of political parties in the mid 1790s?